Episode 39 – Speculative Evolution

Listen to Episode 39 on PodBean, Spotify, YouTube, or your favorite podcast source!

Our subject for this episode is a bit more abstract than our typical topics. Here we discuss the subject of speculative evolution. This concept covers everything from imaging what the future of life will look like to figuring out how movie monsters might have actually functioned. Here we’ll visit some of the ideas that are commonly explored in these thought experiments and look at how speculation contributes to real science.

In the news
An extinct American dog breed has no living relative except a contagious cancer.
Spear injuries on some deer bones show Neanderthals had interesting hunting practices.
How elephants and their relatives lost the mammalian trait of descending testicles.
Rice eating insects know when to develop larger wings based on age of food plants.
Bonus: Alligator with no tail, Mr. Stubs, get prosthetic tail for swimming!

Speculative Evolution

Speculative evolution is a genre of fiction and art that explores hypothetical and imaginary evolutionary scenarios. Within this mindset we could consider an alternate timeline where the famous end-Cretaceous asteroid never impacted, or an alien world with life that evolved separately from our own. This is a category of hard science fiction, meaning the things being considered are fake but are adhering to real science.

The main purpose of this idea is to exercise our imaginations on evolutionary possibilities that have yet to be seen. What could happen if the poles never froze over? What if the crocs became dominant instead of the dinosaurs? How would life adapt to a planet that had two suns? All of these questions and many more are inspiration for those who dabble in speculative evolution.

The Lemuroo by Sheather888. A concept of a marsupial that evolved to be convergent with lemurs and monkeys. Included with permission from the artist.

Monotremes 6 by Pristichampsus. A concept of a terrestrial carnivorous platypus. Included with permission from the artist.

Realm of the Orguar by Sheather888. A large, bipedal, predatory rat. A concept of mammals evolving convergently with theropod dinosaurs. Included with permission from the artist.

If insects never evolved… by Pristichampsus. If insects had not dominated the land and taken to the air, would crustaceans have ever learned to fly? Included with permission from the artist.

Dougal Dixon

There are many modern works of speculative evolution in literature, art, and film, but the author considered by many to be the originator of the speculative evolution movement is Dougal Dixon.

A Scottish author with backgrounds in paleontology and geology, Dixon became interested at a young age in the question of what life might look like in the future. He wrote a number of works exploring this concept, including After Man: A Zoology of the Future (1981), The New Dinosaurs: An Alternative Evolution (1988), and Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future (1990). These book were the first of their kind in many ways and they inspired many to seek answers to similar questions.

Explores what modern animals may look like in the future. Image from Wikimedia Commons.

Looks at what dinosaurs may have became if the K/Pg extinction hadn’t happened. Image from Wikimedia Commons.

Similar to After Man, though looking at the future of our species and how our effect on the earth molds the evolution of other animals. Image from Wikimedia Commons.

Impacts on Real Science

Often speculative evolution is separated from true science since it is based on hypothetical and sometimes fantastical ideas, but there are instances where such speculation can aid in real scientific discovery. It is especially useful in paleontology and astrobiology where the subjects of study are either long extinct or yet to be discovered. The ability to think critically and creatively is important when you can’t study your organism of research directly.

In paleontology, researchers must use the fragments of evidence they have available to try and reconstruct an image of an organism, its behavior, its evolutionary history, and its environment. The ability to think outside of the box and imagine unusual scenarios is often essential for paleontologists trying to find the right questions to uncover new discoveries about ancient life. Speculative evolution acts as a training ground for just such abstract thinking.

One of the most famous examples is the creation of Cetimimus barbus, the Bearded Ceticaris, a fictional filter-feeding anomalocarid from the Cambrian Period created by John Meszaros in 2013. He had questioned why there were no large aquatic filter feeders known from the Cambrian. Then in 2014, Tamisiocaris borealis was identified as a true filter-feeding anomalocarid. In this case speculative evolution actually predicted a real scientific discovery.

Filter-feeding Pliosaur by Pristichampsus. Another fictional concept of a prehistoric filter feeder. Included with permission from the artist.

Astrobiology is almost custom-made to embrace speculative evolution into its practices. Since we have yet to discover any life outside of Earth’s atmosphere we can only speculate on what alien life may be like. If life exists outside of Earth it may have evolved to survive environments completely inhospitable to the organisms we know here. Trying to imagine how these alternate lifeforms might potentially function can help in the actual search for life by broadening our own search for clues.

Anansi in the Swamp by Sheather888. A concept of a large alien herbivore that plucks vegetation with two claws instead of grazing. Included with permission from the artist.

Further Discussion

Speculative evolution is a subject that is ripe for discussion and debate. Below we’ll list some links to other sources that explore this concept, pros and cons.

Discussions
Tetrapod Zoology: Speculative Evolution
Interview with Dougal Dixon
Future Humans
The Dinosauroid Revisited

Documentaries
The Future Is Wild (2002)
Alien Planet (2005)
Dragons: A Fantasy Made Real (2004)

Media
Avatar: The Fauna of Pandora
Pokemon Anatomny
Science of Godzilla

Also…

…But We Digress – Mermaids

We also received a request to discuss the hypothetical evolution of mermaids! So in our latest digression, we explored how mermaids might evolve and what they could end up looking like.

Mermaids have been popular in human mythology all around the world for centuries, part of a long-standing tradition of fictional human-nonhuman hybrids (see also: centaurs, minotaurs, etc.). The fame of mermaids has been enhanced by reported historical sightings such as one by Christopher Columbus, numerous historical and modern hoax mermaid bodies, and recent fake television “documentaries”. Fans (and believers) of mermaids also often talk of the scientifically rejected “aquatic ape hypothesis”, an idea proposed in the 1960s suggesting that humans may have had a semi-aquatic ancestry.

Left: A classic vision of a mermaid on a beach, painted by John William Waterhouse in 1900. Right: The original illustration of P.T. Barnum’s Fiji mermaid hoax. Images from Wikimedia Commons

In our discussion, we speculate about if and how mermaids could evolve. We mention the famous Bajau people who appear to be partially adapted for spending lots of time underwater, and about medical conditions like Sirenomelia in which a newborn human’s legs can be fused at birth. We also talk a lot about other aquatic mammals.

But we’re far from the first people to have such a discussion! Here are some others you can explore:
Dougal Dixon’s Aquatics – Dixon’s idea of what mer-people might actually look like.
Pseudomermeids – Artist Rodrigo-Vega proposed what other groups of animals might look like if they evolved a mermaid body plan.
Man After Man Project – Inspired by Dixon’s book, Akurian452 not only drew up aquatic humans, but humans adapted to plains, tundras, and other ecosystems as well.

You can also get more speculative evolution in our season series, Spook-E: Spook-ulative Evolution, where we evolve famous monsters for fun.

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If you enjoyed this topic and want more like it, check out these related episodes:

• Episode 26 – Astrobiology
• Episode 64 – Paleoart
• Episode 46 – Cryptozoology

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